Here are the services found in a 401(k) plan:

• Custody – to hold plan assets in a trust and execute trades.

• Recordkeeping – to track contributions, earnings and investments on a participant-level and direct the custodian to execute trades.

• Third-Party administration – to complete plan design, plan document, and annual ERISA compliance (testing, Form 5500).

• Investment advice – to select an investment menu and/or make participant investment recommendations.

Custody and recordkeeping are "commodity" services. Like any commodity, given equal quality, the key benchmark for these services is price. The cheaper you can find competent custody and recordkeeping services, the better for participants. While execution speed and accuracy are also important, in my experience, speed doesn't vary much provider-by-provider and providers with accuracy issues are run out of the business by trade error reimbursements or lawsuits.

Investment advice and TPA services are "value-added" services. The expertise of the service provider can significantly impact a plan's value to participants (or the plan sponsor). That means it can be reasonable to pay more for these services if the marginal cost of a more expensive provider is outweighed by their value.

I recommend a simple two-step approach for evaluating the value of TPA services and investment advice. Choose a benchmark for each service – not the provider as a whole – and evaluate each service against a benchmark.

Third-Party Administration Services

I think it's best to consider the value of TPA services for participants and plan sponsors separately.

When you add custody, recordkeeping and TPA services together, you have a platform, or conduit, for 401(k) investing. To maximize participant investment returns, I think this conduit should be as efficient as possible cost-wise. For this reason, I would use price as the benchmark for evaluating the value of a TPA to your participants.

401(k) plans are generally established with specific contribution goals in mind (maximize owner's share of total contributions, match employee 401k contributions to incentivize participation, etc.). A well-designed 401k plan meets these objectives at the lowest cost, sometimes saving an employer tens of thousands of dollars in the process. For this reason, I would use employer contribution expense as the benchmark for evaluating the value of a TPA to your business.

Investment Advice

Investment advice may seem like the most daunting service to benchmark, but I don't think it needs to be. For purposes of benchmarking, I will define investment advice as both investment menu selection and participant-level investment advice. Participant investment returns are a function of the investment advice they receive.

The use of index funds and target date funds in retirement plans has grown dramatically over the past 10 years. Index funds offer inherently-diversified market returns at a low cost, while TDFs offer a professionally-managed mix of funds that grows increasingly conservative the closer a participant gets to retirement. A target date index fund is a TDF that uses a mix of index funds.

I consider TDIF returns to be the benchmark for 401(k) investment advice. I'm not saying a financial advisor can't deliver investment returns for participants in excess of TDIF returns (after all expenses are considered). I'm just saying they should never do worse. Period.