The company, meanwhile, could become the first corporate casualty of the opioid epidemic. Its sales have plunged as it spends millions of dollars on legal defenses of its former executives, including billionaire founder and ex-chief executive John Kapoor.

In a desperate bid to save itself, Insys's new managers are trying to sell off its main pain drug to a corporate buyer to raise money. They hope to use the proceeds to pivot out of the opioid business into something slightly less controversial – cannabis-derived drugs.

“We haven't found a buyer — and we might not.”

Insys's main product is Subsys, a spray version of the ultrapowerful opioid fentanyl. When it was introduced in the U.S. in 2012 with a price tag ranging between $3,000 and $16,000 a month, depending on the dose, it was subject to a tightly controlled distribution system. The Food and Drug Administration allowed the company to market it to cancer patients, to help relieve their pain.

It didn't sell well, at least at first. That changed, federal prosecutors have alleged, when Kapoor and other executives essentially bribed doctors to prescribe it for everything from chronic pain to back aches, and defrauded insurance providers who were reluctant to approve prescriptions for off-label use. In some cases, doctors were paid more than $200,000, prosecutors said at the Nov. 28 hearing where Burlakoff pleaded guilty.

Business boomed. Subsys sales grew from $8.6 million when it launched in March 2012 to $329.5 million in 2015 — making up all but a sliver of the company's revenue. At the drug's peak in 2015, Insys had a market valuation of more than $2 billion.

Then in June 2015, a Connecticut nurse pleaded guilty to federal charges of accepting more than $83,000 in kickbacks from the company. There were indictments of doctors, nurses, sales representatives and, eventually, Insys executives. In August, the company agreed to a $150 million settlement with the Department of Justice to resolve a civil and criminal probe, with the potential for as much as $75 million more due.

Sales plunged, as well, falling 80 percent from their 2015 peak. Subsys accounts for more than 95 percent of the company's revenue. The company is short on cash, with $113 million in the bank, and has said it needs “substantial funds” to stay afloat.

“There's no guarantee the process will yield any results,” Insys spokesperson Joe McGrath said in an phone interview. “We haven't found a buyer — and we might not.” He called the decline in Subsys sales “an over-correction.”

Now Insys is trying to find a new line of business by becoming a “cannabinoid pioneer,” said McGrath. It's one of the hottest areas in medicine, and investors have flocked to tiny companies promising to win the race for a new class of marijuana-derived therapies.

Insys already produces one of a few drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration made from synthetic cannabinoids, marijuana-inspired compounds that have become promising treatments for an array of medical conditions. Insys's drug, Syndros, treats loss of appetite in people with AIDS and nausea caused by chemotherapy.

It's a meager commercial product, bringing in only $976,000 in the third quarter, according to a company filing. The company is developing more cannabidiol, or CBD, drugs for infantile spasms, childhood absence epilepsy and a rare genetic disorder called Prader-Willi syndrome. It's also developing an overdose-reversal product that uses naloxone, a powerful anti-opioid medicine.

“This pivot may be forced, but CBD and opioid dependence are hot spaces with a lot of interest from investors,” said Curt Wanek, a pharmaceutical equity analyst for Bloomberg Intelligence. “It'll cost money to bring these drugs to market, but all it takes is positive data” to raise more funding, Wanek said. The company has said it anticipates spending heavily to bring the products to market.

Time running out

Insys is also paying for the legal-defense costs of its executives under an agreement, common at many large companies, that forces it to cover any investigation, defense, settlement or appeal-related expenses. Kapoor is scheduled to face criminal trial in Boston federal court along with other executives in January, where Burlakoff is expected to be a star witness. Kapoor's defense has cost the company more than $28 million in indemnification fees through the 12 months through Sept. 30.

A third-quarter filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission said that Insys's existing and future legal insurance coverage may be inadequate. In some cases, it “may not have any insurance coverage at all and which may entail settlement payments or litigation judgments that could individually, or in the aggregate, have a materially adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.”

“New management is figuring out a way to rationalize and minimalize the legal costs,” said McGrath, who said the company is disputing the indemnification fees. “It's an unsustainable trajectory.”

Insys isn't alone in facing opioid-related legal issues. Hundreds of cases have been filed against pharmaceutical companies and distributors. But no company's troubles may be more acute than Insys's.

“They're fighting a losing battle,” said Robert Valuck, a professor of pharmacy at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and director of the Colorado Consortium for Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention, which works with lawmakers to address the opioid crisis. “Whether they keep trying to defend or sell Subsys, there's going to be some amount of perception that this is the product that got them sued.”

More updates on the opioid epidemic: 

• Florida AG targets Walgreens, CVS in amended opioid lawsuit
• The tech industry wades into the fight against opioid abuse
• There's a new, more powerful opioid on the market

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