Alexander is encouraged by the movement on both sides of the aisle, said a committee spokesman — giving a particular nod to the efforts of Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-La.). “The chairman looks forward to reviewing their work and hopes it leads to a bipartisan consensus on how to address the issue,” the spokesman added.

“Indications in Congress have always been that this would be something they could do on a bipartisan basis,” said Paul Ginsburg, a health economist at the Brookings Institution, a D.C.-based think tank.

Attention to this practice, which involves charging patients for care that is more expensive than anticipated or not covered by their insurance, has grown following an ongoing Kaiser Health News-NPR “Bill of the Month” investigation into medical billing at large.

While appetite for policymaking is on the upswing, the details of a possible solution remain up in the air.

The Trump administration has not laid out precisely how it would take on surprise bills. But key lawmakers, including Alexander and Cassidy, have met with administration officials to discuss how to reduce health care costs.

With an eye toward drafting legislation, these two senators and several others have been consulting with billing experts, as well as state and local officials, about the biggest challenges and most promising approaches being used around the country.

And, though Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) has yet to address the issue, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said it would be a priority.

“Ending surprise billing is an important part of Democrats' ongoing effort to lower out-of-pocket health costs, and we'll be working on it in the coming Congress,” said Henry Connelly, a Pelosi spokesman.

Previously introduced bills would impose new notification requirements, as well as limitations on what doctors and hospitals might charge patients. They would regulate bills for either emergency care at an out-of-network facility, or non-emergency care when the facility is in-network but the doctor is not.

• A draft bill pushed by Cassidy — a gastroenterologist by trade and the leader of a small, bipartisan group of senators studying the issue — would cap what patients pay, and prohibit balance billing, when a patient is expected to make up the difference between what the provider charged and what the insurer paid. Instead of arbitration, the state would set the amount a health plan must pay. In the absence of a local policy, health plans would default to a federal formula outlined in the bill. (This is similar to laws passed in California and Connecticut.)
• A bill from Sen. Maggie Hassan (D-N.H.) would tackle the issue by preventing a hospital, physician group or other medical provider from charging patients more for an emergency procedure than they would have expected to pay for in-network care. It would then establish an arbitration process to determine what the patient's health plan should pay. (This is similar to laws passed in New York and New Jersey.)
• A bill from Rep. Lloyd Doggett (D-Texas), the chairman of the House Ways and Means' health subcommittee, introduced during the last Congress with Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), would require hospitals to notify patients whether they, and the doctors and other providers the patient would see there, are in-network, as well as how much patients could expect to pay out-of-pocket. Without at least 24 hours' notice and the patient's consent — or if the patient was receiving same-day, emergency treatment — the hospital would be able to charge the patient no more than an in-network provider would.

To draw attention to the issue, Hassan planned to bring a guest to Tuesday's State of the Union address who was billed more than $1,600 for a trip to an in-network emergency room. The patient learned after the fact that the doctor she briefly saw there was out-of-network.

“There does seem to be across-the-board understanding that what's happening to patients right now isn't right or fair,” Hassan told KHN.

Other members of Congress, including Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.) and Sen. Tammy Baldwin (D-Wis.), will bring guests with painful, personal stories regarding the high cost of prescription drugs.

For its part, the administration says its commitment to addressing surprise medical bills is firm.

“President Trump has identified surprise medical bills as a serious concern of the administration. Protecting patients from these outrageous and unexpected bills and charges is a top priority for Secretary [Alex] Azar,” said Caitlin Oakley, a Department of Health and Human Services spokeswoman.

Hassan said she has not heard anything from the White House. But as Congress shifts its focus away from the partial government shutdown, she predicted, surprise billing could emerge as a legislative priority, adding that she and Cassidy have coordinated on the issue.

Both Hassan's and Cassidy's bills “would go a long way toward protecting patients,” suggested Zack Cooper, a Yale health economist who researches surprise billing. Hassan's legislation, he said, has the additional benefit of likely bringing down health care costs.

“There are a lot of issues that can't be fixed or at least can't be fixed easily. This is an issue that causes immense pain and is quite visceral and can be fixed,” Cooper said.

And federal legislation is likely necessary, experts say. Some states have passed laws meant to curb surprise billing, and to protect patients from the costs — but those laws don't affect self-insured large employers, which fall under federal jurisdiction and affect more than 60 percent of people who get insurance through work.

The presidential bully pulpit could be hugely influential — in particular, Ginsburg suggested, by “leaning on Congress” to bring legislation to Trump's desk.

And new legislation probably is the most effective vehicle, health policy experts said. It's unclear whether or what kind of executive action HHS could take without Congress.

“Some creative lawyers could come up with creative interpretations [of existing laws] and lead to smart policy,” said Barak Richman, a Duke University law school professor who focuses on health policy.

But re-interpreting federal law would almost certainly invite legal challenges, he added.

Already, competing industry groups are lobbying to put their stamp on any federal policy. The emergency physicians' trade group has backed an approach like Hassan's, while the insurance lobby is calling for a Cassidy-style bill. When asked about the industry's response, Hassan said she has gotten “a variety of feedback — as you would expect.”

Kaiser Health News is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation, which is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.

Read more:

• Fighting back against “surprise” medical bills
• Is outlawing surprise medical bills really in consumers' best interests?
• Balance-billing court cases force hospitals to justify charges