In large measure, existing federal health-care fraud and abuse laws create an “isolation bias” that requires mapping and separating financial interests of health-care providers in order to ensure that patient referrals cannot be tainted by self-interest. Under Stark, a strict liability law, physicians cannot make a referral for the provision of “designated health services” to an entity in which they have a financial relationship (unless one of approximately 30 exceptions applies).

The general construct is that the referring physician must be separated from the provider to which he or she refers. Under the Anti-Kickback Statute, common financial relationships involving providers of, for example, office space leases, equipment leases and professional services can be deemed legally suspect unless they fit within a “safe harbor,” which are typically structured to ensure arms-length negotiation that cannot be based on the volume or value of referrals.

The problem is, today, isolation of providers is the enemy. When Congress replaced Medicare's dreaded “sustainable growth rate” with the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA), it laid the foundation for Alternative Payment Models (APMs) that require provider integration and coordination. Today, we speak of clinically integrated networks (CINs), alternative payment models (APMs), accountable care organizations (ACOs), and bundled payment models (BPMs), all of which are based on clinical and financial integration and coordination—not isolation.

Complexity

The complex requirements of various Stark exceptions and Anti-Kickback Safe Harbors often confound the development of innovative care management models. Correctly structuring innovative financial incentives and disincentives—the ultimate drivers of behavior—requires careful and sophisticated analysis of this “mind-numbing” array of rules (See Aug. 24, 2018, submission to CMS from Medical Group Management Association).

Cost of compliance

Hiring the requisite expertise, i.e., specialized counsel and valuation experts to sort through legal issues and perform quantitative analyses, was cited by many commentators as both necessary and expensive—even for simple leasing, employment and administrative services agreements.

Chilling effect

Often, providers abandon ideas for innovative health management models due to concerns about having to defend them. Comments submitted to CMS and the OIG reveal a certain irony: innovative models designed to maintain quality and control utilization are abandoned because they can't comply with cumbersome and arcane governmental requirements designed to do the same thing—maintain quality and control utilization—but designed in a different era.

Requests for information from CMS and OIG

On June 25, 2018, CMS published a “Request for Information Regarding the Physician Self-Referral Law” (83 FR 29524). Two months later, on Aug. 27, 2018, the OIG published a “Request for Information Regarding the Anti-Kickback Statute and Beneficiary Inducements CMP” (83 FR 43607). A review of published comments submitted in response to these two RFIs reveals similar recommendations and analyses from a veritable chorus of hospital associations, physician associations, and other trade groups:

Create a broad exception/safe harbor for alternative payment models

Commenters overwhelmingly implored CMS and OIG to permit—on a comprehensive basis—participation in value-based care and alternative payment models that incorporated verifiable components pertaining to care management, quality and cost control. In addition, the form of permission should apply across the board to all types of plans and all types of patients; that is, rather than be restricted to Medicare APMs, MCOs, MSSPs and Bundled Payments Models, the blanket permission should encompass commercial plans and Medicaid and essentially be “plan agnostic.”

Create an exception/safe harbor for cybersecurity

Commenters overwhelmingly urged CMS and OIG to permit providers (e.g., physicians and physician groups) to receive donations of cybersecurity technology (e.g., training, hardware, software) from other providers (e.g., hospitals and hospital systems). It was also urged that the recipients of the cyber technology should not be required to meet a minimum contribution criterion, such as the 15 percent of the donor's cost requirement under the existing Stark exception for electronic health records. 42 CFR 357.411(w)(4).

Expand safe harbors to promote patient access and recognize social determinants of health

Another common refrain from numerous commenters was to eliminate barriers to patient access by loosening existing safe-harbor criteria for local transportation and waivers of copayments, coinsurance and deductibles. Additionally, as health-care systems have assumed more responsibility for patient outcomes, their perspectives have broadened from individual health to population health.

Improving access to stable housing, healthy foods and physical safety has been recognized as a valid goal of health-care delivery systems. The agencies were thus asked by several commenters to expressly permit expenditures for “health-related nonmedical services” that, under existing law, could be characterized as inappropriate inducements. (See Oct. 26, 2018, submission to the OIG from Bruce Siegel, MD, President and CEO America's Essential Hospitals and former New Jersey Commissioner of Health.)

Merge AKS and Stark exceptions/Safe Harbors

Complying with two similar, but not identical, sets of legal requirements was cited as a problem by a numerous commenters, who overwhelmingly suggested that compliance requirements for the AKS and Stark should be identical. Some commenters took this a step further and urged CMS and the OIG to initiate discussions with state governments to align similar state laws regarding self-referral prohibitions and anti-kickback laws with federal law.

Formalize, extend and expand existing waivers

The current federal fraud and abuse waivers, issued on a program-by-program basis for ACOs and bundled payments programs, have been issued by CMS and the OIG pursuant to their statutory authority under Section 1115A(d)(l) and Section 1899(f) of the Social Security Act. Many commenters urged CMS and the OIG to subject those waivers to formal rule-making procedures and codify them permanently. Commenters also urged CMS and OIG to replace the existing program-specific waivers with a broad, overarching waiver applicable to all innovative patient care models that incorporate quality, efficiency, coordination and cost control.

Conclusion

Federal fraud and abuse laws, the bane of physicians' and hospital executives' existence, are poised for retooling. The federal government's objective to cut regulations, and the health-care industry's nearly uniform desire to achieve that objective, forms a formidable merger of private and public institutions with the same goal. If fraud and abuse laws are relaxed to accommodate all forms of value-based payment models, transactions governing provider relationships should be easier and less expensive to accomplish because the need for legal and valuation expertise should be diminished. The volume of provider and payor transactions should also increase (and become more interesting) as more innovative value-based purchasing models are launched across the health-care sector.

Policy-wise, it remains unknown whether the retooled laws would achieve the goal of lowering the total cost of care, i.e., bend the cost curve downward. Or, would these changes prove to be nothing more than the opening of a floodgate that simply enlarges the health-care sector, increases overall spending, and ultimately bends the curve the wrong way. Whichever way the cost curve ultimately bends, relaxation of existing fraud and abuse laws to accommodate value-based purchasing and population health goals should lead to more innovation, more provider collaboration, and more attention paid to quality assessment.

Read more:

• Feds join suit against Sutter Health over inflated Medicare payments
• The feds are cracking down on health care fraud. Here's what they're looking for.
• Health care fraud recovery dips to $2.6B, according to federal report

Barry Liss is a Director and Healthcare Team Leader at Gibbons P.C. in Newark. His practice has been exclusively devoted to healthcare law for more than 20 years and focuses on corporate and regulatory healthcare-related law.