Courts have generally permitted commercial litigation finance, and currently there are no federal laws that specifically regulate it. Some states do have legislation restricting or preventing third-party funding in consumer-based litigation finance transactions, such as personal injury claims—in which plaintiffs typically receive capital for living expenses.

However, bar associations in populous states such as New York, California, Florida, and Illinois have allowed such transactions to proliferate while issuing ethical guidelines for litigation funding. The practice has withstood challenges in these and many other jurisdictions.

In a 2014 commercial dispute between Miller UK Ltd. and Caterpillar, for instance, the U.S. District Court for Northern Illinois held that third-party litigation funding did not violate the state's maintenance and champerty laws.

The court found that "there was no intermeddling by the funder" and, furthermore, that the plaintiff (Miller) sought funding to continue litigation that was first initiated in 2010 "without prompting from any funder." Other states that once adopted champerty laws have since rejected them, including Massachusetts (Saladini v. Righellis), Florida (Kraft v. Mason), and South Carolina (Osprey v. Cabana Limited Partnership).

With favorable judicial precedent established, attorney appetites for third-party funding have grown. In 2018, 70% of surveyed lawyers said their law firms or companies have used litigation finance, up from less than 10% in 2012.

Among this growing base of participants, the market has also seen an uptick in repeat users who continue using timely, nonrecourse capital to their clients' benefit.

The ability to offer more flexible fee arrangements and overcome the financial burden of bringing a meritorious case to court has appealed to both law firms and corporate legal teams.

As a result, growing interest in third-party funding not only relates to single-case investments, but also portfolio financing, where funders provide capital directly to law firms or businesses, typically cross-collateralized by multiple cases.

Litigation finance is now a thriving industry in the U.S. and abroad —one with its own dedicated events and panels. The Information Management Network's second annual litigation finance conference attracted more than 250 attendees in 2019. Numerous legal publications, including Harvard Law School's The Practice, have dedicated full issues to exploring litigation finance topics.

Investors have also flocked to the litigation finance market because of its strong historical returns and because the potential value of a lawsuit is not correlated with macroeconomic trends.

The growing appeal has extended to large institutional investors such as the $1.3 billion Hartford Healthcare fund, the University of Michigan, and Harvard University, which have further validated the market by committing capital to litigation funds during the last four years.

Obstacles to litigation finance growth in the U.S.

Litigation funding has been challenged by lawmakers and lobbying groups seeking to curb its rapid adoption.

The Chamber of Commerce, a longtime adversary of litigation finance, has publicly lobbied against its use. In 2017, the group issued a recommendation to require blanket disclosure of litigation funders' involvement in any case, citing concerns over potential conflicts of interest. And Senate Republicans, supported by a lobby that includes AT&T, The Home Depot, and Microsoft, reintroduced the Transparency in Litigation Finance Act (TLFA) in February 2019.

If passed, the TLFA would require disclosure of third-party funding in class action and multidistrict litigation (MDL). However, an MDL-focused subcommittee referred the bill back to the larger group in October, noting that litigation funding affects many case types outside of multidistrict matters. A January update on the TLFA revealed only that a rule change "would remain under consideration" with respect to MDL and class-action cases.

It is unsurprising that well-capitalized, litigation-prone corporations would support the TLFA and similar legislation, considering how they benefit from the status quo.

They likely believe that mandated disclosure rules would deter the use of third-party funding—or that it would allow defendants to cast aspersion on plaintiffs' intentions in court. However, their desires for mandated transparency have not slowed the litigation finance sector's overwhelming growth.

No bill or lobbying group has shaped the public discourse around litigation finance quite like the case of Bollea v. Gawker. In 2012, Terry Bollea (more widely known by his professional wrestling stage name, Hulk Hogan) filed a lawsuit against Gawker Media for invasion of privacy, winning a $140 million verdict in 2016. Soon after, Silicon Valley billionaire Peter Thiel publicly revealed that he contributed roughly $10 million toward Bollea's litigation expenses.

Thiel's involvement marked a highly unusual case of interest-based litigation finance, wherein the funder (Thiel) sought "specific deterrence" against the defendant, Gawker — a publication which publicly revealed Thiel's sexual orientation in 2007. His interests were admittedly not financial, as he received no portion of the damages.

Ensuing discussions around the ethics of litigation finance largely focused on this point. Thiel's funding exemplified precisely the type of intermeddling that maintenance and champerty laws were intended to prohibit. Ultimately, the questions Bollea v. Gawker raised about litigation finance primarily served to increase industry awareness, rather than detract from financially-motivated litigation funding.

A more sophisticated set of funders and products

As litigation finance has grown in popularity, the number of funding providers has also increased. A recent study identified more than 40 active funders in the U.S. market, including specialty funding firms, family offices, multistrategy hedge funds, and private equity firms.

This diversity of providers has increased the industry's ability to fund a wider array of deals, both in terms of size and complexity. Some funders have begun to specialize in certain segments of the market, focusing on factors such as claim type, a specific investment structure, and deal size.

Others have expanded their offerings beyond single case investments, providing novel products such as case portfolio financing for commercial and mass tort litigation, law firm funding, and settlement acceleration. It is not uncommon for modern funders to underwrite a broad range of claim types: intellectual property, antitrust, business freezeouts, insurance claims, trust and family disputes, whistleblower claims, post-settlement judgements, international arbitrations and more.

The industry's talent pool has also expanded as funders attract an elite cohort of well-seasoned legal professionals. These are often former litigators who funders hire to expertly assess the risk and value of cases, including those within specialized areas such as patent, copyright and qui tam litigation.

In the past few years alone, litigation funding firms have hired attorneys away from the likes of Latham & Watkins, Arnold & Porter, Proskauer Rose, Weil, Gotshal & Manges, Simpson, Thatcher & Bartlett, and Dorsey & Whitney—a clear sign of the industry's desirability as an alternative career option for lawyers.

4 trends to watch in the coming decade

• Technology. By 2030, effective technology usage will have become a key differentiator both in litigation finance and the legal sector overall. This trend will include the increased use of origination tools, such as LexShares' proprietary Diamond Mine technology platform, as sourcing high-quality cases grows more challenging in the face of increased competition. But it will also include data analytics tools, such as Lex Machina, as attorneys and funders seek better ways to analyze risk, including evaluating damage models, jurisdictions, counsel and beyond.
• Clarity. We also expect courts and regulators to more clearly define the laws that govern litigation finance practices. As a result, it is likely that lobbying groups and industry associations will emerge to represent the varied interests of commercial funders, law firms, and corporate clients. Transaction documents, funding structures, and data utilized by litigation funders will also become more standardized, which could lead to a more efficient market for funding recipients.
• General Counsels. Compared to law firms, corporate legal departments have generally been slower to adopt litigation finance. We anticipate that will change, with more GCs proactively using nonrecourse capital to offset risk, optimize litigation outcomes, and transform their departments into profit centers. Defense-side litigation finance, which has yet to be used in a meaningful way, may also draw the interest of GCs at larger corporations, as they seek to reduce litigation risks and costs.
• Consolidation. As the U.S. litigation finance market becomes more competitive, we expect to see consolidation. The recent merger of IMF Bentham (one of the world's two largest funders) and Omni Bridgeway, completed in late 2019, sets the stage for further M&A activity or joint ventures among the market's more active players. Such transactions could entrench existing investment philosophies or encourage the adoption of newer offerings.

What do these trends mean for the legal sector?

The industry transformation that occurred over the past 10 years is a strong indicator that litigation finance is cementing its place as a mainstay of the modern legal system

In 2010, litigation finance lacked widespread usage and awareness in the United States. Today, as more law firms learn more about the potential value of this burgeoning financial product, many are exploring litigation finance for themselves and, increasingly, working with funders on an ongoing basis.

Looking ahead to 2030, we anticipate that forward-thinking law firms and in-house legal teams will partner more closely with innovative third-party funders. As the potential for another economic downturn looms, firms that proactively embrace flexible financial arrangements will be best positioned to endure future market volatility.

Jay Greenberg is CEO and co-founder of LexShares, Inc., a provider of commercial litigation funding since 2014. Prior to founding LexShares, Greenberg worked in Deutsche Bank's technology investment banking group, where he advised on over $13 billion of mergers and acquisitions and was involved in raising more than $5 billion of equity and debt financing.